Tense का अर्थ है क्रिया का वह रूप जो समय (Past, Present, Future) और कार्य की स्थिति (पूर्ण/अपूर्ण/चल रहा) को बताता है।

Types of Tense (काल के प्रकार)

1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)
2. Past Tense (भूतकाल)
3. Future Tense (भविष्यकाल)

हर Tense के 4 रूप होते हैं:

• Indefinite (Simple)
• Continuous (Progressive)
• Perfect
• Perfect Continuous

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1. Present Tense (वर्तमान काल)

(i) Present Indefinite (Simple Present)

👉 सामान्य, आदत, सत्य या Universal fact को बताने के लिए।
Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + V1 + Object
• Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?

Examples:

• He plays cricket. (वह क्रिकेट खेलता है।)
• She does not sing.
• Do you like tea?

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(ii) Present Continuous

👉 वर्तमान समय में हो रही क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + is/are/am + V1+ing + Object

Examples:

• I am reading a book.
• They are playing football.
• She is not cooking food.

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(iii) Present Perfect

👉 कोई क्रिया जो अभी-अभी पूरी हुई हो या जिसका असर वर्तमान पर हो।
Structure: Subject + has/have + V3 + Object

Examples:

• I have finished my homework.
• She has written a letter.
• They have not gone to school.

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(iv) Present Perfect Continuous

👉 वह क्रिया जो अतीत से शुरू होकर अभी तक जारी है।
Structure: Subject + has/have + been + V1+ing + since/for + time

Examples:

• He has been studying since morning.
• I have been waiting for two hours.

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2. Past Tense (भूतकाल)

(i) Past Indefinite (Simple Past)

👉 बीते समय में पूरी हो चुकी क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + V2 + Object

Examples:

• She went to market yesterday.
• I did not play football.
• Did you read the book?

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(ii) Past Continuous

👉 भूतकाल में जारी क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + was/were + V1+ing + Object

Examples:

• He was reading a novel.
• They were playing cricket.

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(iii) Past Perfect

👉 दो भूतकालीन क्रियाओं में पहले पूरी हुई क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + had + V3 + Object

Examples:

• The train had left before I reached the station.
• He had completed the work before sunset.

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(iv) Past Perfect Continuous

👉 वह क्रिया जो भूतकाल में कुछ समय तक जारी रही।
Structure: Subject + had been + V1+ing + since/for + time

Examples:

• She had been waiting for an hour.
• They had been playing since morning.

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3. Future Tense (भविष्यकाल)

(i) Future Indefinite (Simple Future)

👉 जो कार्य भविष्य में होगा।
Structure: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object

Examples:

• I will go to school tomorrow.
• She will not help you.

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(ii) Future Continuous

👉 भविष्य में जारी रहने वाली क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + will/shall + be + V1+ing + Object

Examples:

• He will be playing cricket tomorrow.
• They will be watching TV in the evening.

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(iii) Future Perfect

👉 भविष्य में निश्चित समय तक पूरी हो जाने वाली क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + Object

Examples:

• I will have completed my homework by 8 PM.
• They will have reached home by then.

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(iv) Future Perfect Continuous

👉 भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय तक जारी रहने वाली क्रिया।
Structure: Subject + will/shall + have been + V1+ing + since/for + time

Examples:

• He will have been studying for two hours by 9 o’clock.
• They will have been playing since morning.

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Quick Chart (Tense at a Glance)

Tense Type	Structure	Example
Present Indef.	S + V1 (s/es)	She sings a song.
Present Cont.	S + is/are/am + V1+ing	He is reading a book.
Present Perf.	S + has/have + V3	I have finished work.
Present Perf. Cont.	S + has/have been + V1+ing	She has been waiting since morning.
Past Indef.	S + V2	He went to school.
Past Cont.	S + was/were + V1+ing	They were playing cricket.
Past Perf.	S + had + V3	He had completed homework.
Past Perf. Cont.	S + had been + V1+ing	She had been waiting for an hour.
Future Indef.	S + will/shall + V1	I will go to Delhi.
Future Cont.	S + will/shall + be + V1+ing	He will be studying.
Future Perf.	S + will/shall + have + V3	I will have done the work.
Future Perf. Cont.	S + will/shall + have been + V1+ing	He will have been reading for 2 hours.